Those Who Ignore History Are Doomed to Repeat It. Historians Are Doomed to Watch It Happen Again.

Spanish-American philosopher

In this Spanish proper noun, the first or paternal surname is Ruiz de Santayana and the 2d or maternal family name is Borrás.

George Santayana
A 1936 Time drawing of Santayana
Born	Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás (1863-12-16)December sixteen, 1863 Madrid, Kingdom of spain
Died	September 26, 1952(1952-09-26) (aged 88) Rome, Italy
Nationality	Spanish
Teaching	Harvard University (AB, PhD) Rex'southward Higher, Cambridge
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
Schoolhouse	Pragmatism naturalism
Doctoral counselor	Josiah Royce
Notable students	Jacob Loewenberg,[1] T. S. Eliot, Horace Kallen, Walter Lippmann, W. E. B. Du Bois, Alain Locke, Van Wyck Brooks, Felix Frankfurter, Max Eastman, Wallace Stevens
Main interests	Moral philosophy political philosophy epistemology metaphysics philosophy of religion
Notable ideas	Lucretian materialism Skepticism Natural aristocracy Realms of Being
Influences Democritus Plato Aristotle Lucretius Spinoza Schopenhauer William James
Influenced Wallace Stevens John Lachs Glenn Gould Russel Kirk

Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, known in English as George Santayana (;^[2] Dec 16, 1863 – September 26, 1952), was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. Originally from Spain, Santayana was raised and educated in the US from the historic period of viii and identified himself as an American, although he always retained a valid Spanish passport.^[3] At the age of 48, Santayana left his position at Harvard and returned to Europe permanently.

Santayana is popularly known for aphorisms, such as "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to echo it",^[4] "Simply the dead have seen the end of war",^[v] and the definition of beauty as "pleasance objectified".^[6] Although an atheist, he treasured the Spanish Catholic values, practices, and worldview in which he was raised.^[seven] Santayana was a broad-ranging cultural critic spanning many disciplines. He was profoundly influenced by Spinoza's life and idea; and, in many respects, was a devoted Spinozist.^[8]

Early on life [edit]

Santayana was born on December sixteen, 1863, in Madrid and spent his early childhood in Ávila, Kingdom of spain. His mother Josefina Borrás was the daughter of a Castilian official in the Philippines and he was the only kid of her second marriage.^[9] Josefina Borrás' first husband was George Sturgis, a Bostonian merchant with the Manila firm Russell & Sturgis, with whom she had five children, two of whom died in infancy. She lived in Boston for a few years post-obit her husband's death in 1857; in 1861 moved with her 3 surviving children to Madrid. There she encountered Agustín Ruiz de Santayana, an old friend from her years in the Philippines. They married in 1862. A colonial ceremonious servant, Ruiz de Santayana was a painter and modest intellectual. The family lived in Madrid and Ávila, and Jorge was born in Kingdom of spain in 1863.

In 1869, Josefina Borrás de Santayana returned to Boston with her three Sturgis children, because she had promised her first husband to heighten the children in the US. She left the six-year-old Jorge with his father in Kingdom of spain. Jorge and his begetter followed her to Boston in 1872. His male parent, finding neither Boston nor his married woman's attitude to his liking, presently returned alone to Ávila, and remained there the rest of his life. Jorge did not see him again until he entered Harvard College and began to take his summertime vacations in Spain. Sometime during this period, Jorge'due south showtime proper name was anglicized equally George, the English equivalent.

Education [edit]

Santayana attended Boston Latin School and Harvard Higher, where he studied under the philosophers William James and Josiah Royce and was involved in eleven clubs as an alternative to athletics. He was founder and president of the Philosophical Club, a member of the literary guild known as the O.K., an editor and cartoonist for The Harvard Lampoon, and co-founder of the literary periodical The Harvard Monthly.^[ten] In December, 1885, he played the role of Lady Elfrida in the Hasty Pudding theatrical Robin Hood, followed by the production Papillonetta in the spring of his senior year.^[xi]

After graduating from Harvard^[12] in 1886, Santayana studied for 2 years in Berlin.^[13] He then returned to Harvard to write his dissertation on Hermann Lotze (1889).^[14] He was a professor at Harvard from 1889–1912,^[9] becoming part of the Gold Age of the Harvard philosophy section. Some of his Harvard students became famous in their own right, including Conrad Aiken, W. E. B. Du Bois, T. South. Eliot, Robert Frost, Horace Kallen, Walter Lippmann and Gertrude Stein. Wallace Stevens was non among his students but became a friend.^[fifteen] From 1896 to 1897, Santayana studied at King's College, Cambridge.^[16]

Later life [edit]

Santayana early on in his career

Santayana never married. His romantic life, if any, is non well understood. Some evidence, including a comment Santayana made late in life comparing himself to A. E. Housman, and his friendships with people who were openly homosexual and bisexual, has led scholars to speculate that Santayana was possibly homosexual or bisexual, but it remains unclear whether he had any actual heterosexual or homosexual relationships.^[17]

In 1912, Santayana resigned his position at Harvard to spend the rest of his life in Europe. He had saved money and been aided past a legacy from his mother. Subsequently some years in Ávila, Paris and Oxford, after 1920, he began to wintertime in Rome, eventually living at that place twelvemonth-round until his death. During his 40 years in Europe, he wrote 19 books and declined several prestigious bookish positions. Many of his visitors and correspondents were Americans, including his banana and eventual literary executor, Daniel Cory. In later life, Santayana was financially comfortable, in part because his 1935 novel, The Concluding Puritan, had become an unexpected best-seller. In turn, he financially assisted a number of writers, including Bertrand Russell, with whom he was in fundamental disagreement, philosophically and politically.

Santayana's i novel, The Final Puritan, is a Bildungsroman, centering on the personal growth of its protagonist, Oliver Alden. His Persons and Places is an autobiography. These works as well contain many of his sharper opinions and bons mots. He wrote books and essays on a wide range of subjects, including philosophy of a less technical sort, literary criticism, the history of ideas, politics, homo nature, morals, the influence of religion on culture and social psychology, all with considerable wit and humor.

While his writings on technical philosophy can be difficult, his other writings are more accessible and pithy. He wrote poems and a few plays, and left aplenty correspondence, much of it published only since 2000. Like Alexis de Tocqueville, Santayana observed American culture and character from a foreigner'south point of view. Like William James, his friend and mentor, he wrote philosophy in a literary way. Ezra Pound includes Santayana amidst his many cultural references in The Cantos, notably in "Canto LXXXI" and "Canto XCV". Santayana is usually considered an American author, although he declined to become an American citizen, resided in Fascist Italian republic for decades, and said that he was well-nigh comfortable, intellectually and aesthetically, at Oxford University. Although an atheist, Santayana considered himself an "aesthetic Catholic" and spent the concluding decade of his life in a Roman residence nether the care of Catholic nuns. In 1941, he entered a retirement abode run by Blueish Nuns of the Piffling Company of Mary on the Celian Hill at half dozen Via Santo Stefano Rotondo in Roma, where he was cared for by the Irish gaelic sisters until his death in September 1952.^[18] Upon his decease, he did not desire to be buried in consecrated land, which fabricated his burial problematic in Italy. Finally, the Spanish consulate in Rome agreed that he exist cached in the Pantheon of the Obra Pía Española, in the Campo Verano cemetery in Rome.

Philosophical work and publications [edit]

Santayana's chief philosophical work consists of The Sense of Dazzler (1896), his first book-length monograph and perhaps the commencement major work on aesthetics written in the United States; The Life of Reason (five vols., 1905–06), the high point of his Harvard career; Skepticism and Animal Faith (1923); and The Realms of Beingness (4 vols., 1927–xl). Although Santayana was not a pragmatist in the mold of William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, Josiah Royce, or John Dewey, The Life of Reason arguably is the first extended treatment of pragmatism written.

Like many of the classical pragmatists, and because he was well-versed in evolutionary theory, Santayana was committed to metaphysical naturalism. He believed that human cognition, cultural practices, and social institutions have evolved so as to harmonize with the conditions present in their environment. Their value may then be adjudged by the extent to which they facilitate human happiness. The alternating title to The Life of Reason, "the Phases of Homo Progress," is indicative of this metaphysical stance.

Santayana was an early adherent of epiphenomenalism, but as well admired the classical materialism of Democritus and Lucretius. (Of the three authors on whom he wrote in Three Philosophical Poets, Santayana speaks nearly favorably of Lucretius). He held Spinoza'southward writings in high regard, calling him his "master and model."^[19]

Although an atheist,^{[20] [21]} he held a fairly benign view of organized religion and described himself every bit an "aesthetic Catholic". Santayana'southward views on religion are outlined in his books Reason in Religion, The Idea of Christ in the Gospels, and Interpretations of Poetry and Organized religion.

He held racial superiority and eugenic views. He believed superior races should be discouraged from "intermarriage with junior stock".^[22]

Legacy [edit]

Santayana'south famous aphorism "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" is inscribed on a plaque at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Polish translation and English dorsum-translation (in a higher place), and on a subway placard in Federal republic of germany (below).

Santayana is remembered in large part for his aphorisms, many of which have been and so frequently used as to accept become clichéd. His philosophy has not fared quite besides. He is regarded by near as an splendid prose stylist, and John Lachs (who is sympathetic with much of Santayana'southward philosophy) writes, in On Santayana, that his eloquence may ironically exist the very crusade of this neglect.

Santayana influenced those around him, including Bertrand Russell, whom Santayana single-handedly steered away from the ideals of G. E. Moore.^[23] He also influenced many prominent people such as Harvard students T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Gertrude Stein, Horace Kallen, Walter Lippmann, W. E. B. Du Bois, Conrad Aiken, Van Wyck Brooks, Felix Frankfurter, Max Eastman, Wallace Stevens. Stevens was especially influenced by Santayana's aesthetics and became a friend fifty-fifty though Stevens did not take courses taught by Santayana.^{[24] [25] [26]}

Santayana is quoted past the Canadian-American sociologist Erving Goffman every bit a cardinal influence in the thesis of his famous volume The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959). Religious historian Jerome A. Stone credits Santayana with contributing to the early thinking in the evolution of religious naturalism.^[27] English mathematician and philosopher Alfred N Whitehead quotes Santayana extensively in his magnum opus Process and Reality (1929).^[28]

Chuck Jones used Santayana's description of fanaticism as "redoubling your effort after you've forgotten your aim" to describe his cartoons starring Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner.^[29]

In popular culture [edit]

Santayana's passing is referenced in the lyrics to singer-songwriter Baton Joel's 1989 music single, "We Didn't Start the Fire".^[30]

The quote "Only the dead take seen the end of war." is ofttimes attributed or misattributed to Plato; an early on example of this misattribution (if it is indeed misattributed) is plant in General Douglas MacArthur'due south Farewell Speech given to the Corps of Cadets at West Point in 1962.^{[31] [32]}

The aphorism "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." is quoted as "unattributable" in Dan Abbnets Warhammer xl,000 novel Prospero Burns.

Awards [edit]

• Purple Lodge of Literature Benson Medal, 1925.^[33]
• Columbia University Butler Gold Medal, 1945.^[34]
• Honorary caste from the University of Wisconsin, 1911.^[35]

Bibliography [edit]

Santayana'due south Reason in Common Sense was published in v volumes between 1905 and 1906 (this edition is from 1920).

• 1894. Sonnets And Other Verses.
• 1896. The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outline of Aesthetic Theory.
• 1899. Lucifer: A Theological Tragedy.
• 1900. Interpretations of Poetry and Religion.
• 1901. A Hermit of Carmel And Other Poems.
• 1905–1906. The Life of Reason: or the Phases of Man Progress, five vols.
• 1910. Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe.
• 1913. Winds of Doctrine: Studies in Contemporary Opinion.
• 1915. Egotism in German language Philosophy.
• 1920. Character and Opinion in the United states: With Reminiscences of William James and Josiah Royce and Academic Life in America.
• 1920. Little Essays, Drawn From the Writings of George Santayana. by Logan Pearsall Smith, With the Collaboration of the Author.
• 1922. Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies.
• 1922. Poems.
• 1923. Scepticism and Animal Faith: Introduction to a System of Philosophy.
• 1926. Dialogues in Limbo
• 1927. Platonism and the Spiritual Life.
• 1927–40. The Realms of Being, 4 vols.
• 1931. The Genteel Tradition at Bay.
• 1933. Some Turns of Thought in Modernistic Philosophy: Five Essays
• 1935. The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Grade of a Novel.
• 1936. Obiter Scripta: Lectures, Essays and Reviews. Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz, eds.
• 1944. Persons and Places.
• 1945. The Center Span.
• 1946. The Idea of Christ in the Gospels; or, God in Man: A Critical Essay.
• 1948. Dialogues in Limbo, With Three New Dialogues.
• 1951. Dominations and Powers: Reflections on Liberty, Society, and Regime.
• 1953. My Host The World

Posthumous edited/selected works [edit]

• 1955. The Letters of George Santayana. Daniel Cory, ed. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. (296 letters)
• 1956. Essays in Literary Criticism of George Santayana. Irving Vocaliser, ed.
• 1957. The Idler and His Works, and Other Essays. Daniel Cory, ed.
• 1967. The Genteel Tradition: Nine Essays by George Santayana. Douglas 50. Wilson, ed.
• 1967. George Santayana's America: Essays on Literature and Culture. James Ballowe, ed.
• 1967. Creature Faith and Spiritual Life: Previously Unpublished and Uncollected Writings by George Santayana With Critical Essays on His Thought. John Lachs, ed.
• 1968. Santayana on America: Essays, Notes, and Letters on American Life, Literature, and Philosophy. Richard Colton Lyon, ed.
• 1968. Selected Critical Writings of George Santayana, ii vols. Norman Henfrey, ed.
• 1969. Physical Order and Moral Liberty: Previously Unpublished Essays of George Santayana. John and Shirley Lachs, eds.
• 1979. The Complete Poems of George Santayana: A Critical Edition. Edited, with an introduction, by W. Yard. Holzberger. Bucknell Academy Press.
• 1995. The Birth of Reason and Other Essays. Daniel Cory, ed., with an Introduction by Herman J. Saatkamp, Jr. Columbia Univ. Press.
• 2009. The Essential Santayana. Selected Writings Edited by the Santayana Edition, Compiled and with an introduction past Martin A. Coleman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• 2009. The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy and Character and Stance in the United States (Rethinking the Western Tradition), Edited and with an introduction by James Seaton and contributions past Wilfred Thou. McClay, John Lachs, Roger Kimball and James Seaton Yale University Printing.

The Works of George Santayana [edit]

Unmodernized, critical editions of George Santayana's published and unpublished writing. The Works is edited by the Santayana Edition and published by The MIT Printing.

• 1986. Persons and Places. Santayana'south autobiography, incorporating Persons and Places, 1944; The Centre Span, 1945; and My Host the World, 1953.
• 1988 (1896). The Sense of Dazzler: Beingness the Outline of Aesthetic Theory.
• 1990 (1900). Interpretations of Poetry and Organized religion.
• 1994 (1935). The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel.
• The Letters of George Santayana. Containing over 3,000 of his letters, many discovered posthumously, to more than 350 recipients.
  • 2001. Book One, 1868–1909.
  • 2001. Book Two, 1910–1920.
  • 2002. Book Iii, 1921–1927.
  • 2003. Book 4, 1928–1932.
  • 2003. Book V, 1933–1936.
  • 2004. Book Six, 1937–1940.
  • 2006. Book Seven, 1941–1947.
  • 2008. Book 8, 1948–1952.
• 2011. George Santayana'south Marginalia: A Critical Selection, Books 1 and 2. Compiled by John O. McCormick and edited by Kristine W. Frost.
• The Life of Reason in five books.
  • 2011 (1905). Reason in Common Sense.
  • 2013 (1905). Reason in Club.
  • 2014 (1905). Reason in Religion.
• 2019 (1910). Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe, Critical Edition, Edited by Kellie Dawson and David E. Spiech, with an introduction by James Seaton

See also [edit]

• American philosophy
• List of American philosophers
• Scientistic materialism

References [edit]

1. ^ John R. Shook (ed.), The Dictionary of Modernistic American Philosophers, Continuum, 2005, p. 1499.
2. ^ "the definition of Santayana". dictionary.com.
3. ^ George Santayana, "Apologia Pro Mente Sua", in P. A. Schilpp, The Philosophy of George Santayana (1940), 603.
4. ^ George Santayana (1905) Reason in Common Sense, p. 284, book one of The Life of Reason
5. ^ George Santayana (1922) Soliloquies in England and Afterward Soliloquies, number 25
6. ^ "Dazzler equally Intrinsic Pleasure by George Santayana".
7. ^ Lovely, Edward W. (Sep 28, 2012). George Santayana'southward Philosophy of Religion: His Roman Catholic Influences and Phenomenology. Lexington Books. pp. 1, 204–206.
8. ^ Meet his letters and works (such equally Persons and Places; Soliloquies in England and After Soliloquies)
9. ^ ^{a b} "George Santayana" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 25, 2021
10. ^ Parri, Alice Two Harvard Friends: Charles Loeser and George Santayana[ane]
11. ^ Garrison, Lloyd McKim, An Illustrated History of the Jerky Pudding Club Theatricals, Cambridge, Hasty Pudding Society, 1897.
12. ^ [ii] and he was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa student fraternity Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa Archived 2012-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, 'Phi Beta Kappa website'', accessed Oct four, 2009
13. ^ "SANTAYANA, George". Who's Who. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1555.
14. ^ George Santayana, Lotze'due south system of philosophy, Ph.D., 1889
15. ^ Lensing, George S. (1986). Wallace Stevens: A Poet's Growth. LSU Press. 313 pp. ISBN 0807112976. p.12-13.
16. ^ "Santayana, George (SNTN896G)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. Academy of Cambridge.
17. ^ Saatkamp, Herman; Coleman, Martin (ane January 2014). Zalta, Edward North. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
18. ^ "George Santayana, 88, Dies in Rome" Harvard Cherry-red death notice of 29 September 1952
19. ^ The Letters of George Santayana: Book Eight, 1948–1952 By George Santayana p eight:39
20. ^ "My atheism, like that of Spinoza, is true piety towards the universe, and denies only gods fashioned past men in their own paradigm, to exist servants of their human being interests." George Santayana, "On My Friendly Critics," in Soliloquies in England and Afterward Soliloquies, 1922 (from Rawson'southward Dictionary of American Quotations via credoreference.com). Accessed August i, 2008.
21. ^ "Santayana playfully called himself 'a Catholic atheist,' but in spite of the fact that he deliberately immersed himself in the stream of Catholic religious life, he never took the sacraments. He neither literally regarded himself every bit a Catholic nor did Catholics regard him as a Catholic." Empiricism, Theoretical Constructs, and God, by Kai Nielsen, The Journal of Organized religion, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Jul., 1974), pp. 199–217 (p. 205), published by The Academy of Chicago Press.
22. ^ Santayana, George (2015-eleven-26). "The Life of Reason: Human Understanding".
23. ^ Michael K. Potter. Bertrand Russell's Ethics. London and New York: Continuum, 2006. Pp. thirteen, 185. ISBN 0826488102, p.iv
24. ^ Lensing, George S. (1986). Wallace Stevens: A Poet'southward Growth. LSU Press. 313 pp. ISBN 0807112976. p.12-23.
25. ^ "Stevens, Wallace". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2014-01-07 .
26. ^ Saatkamp, Herman, "George Santayana" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Autumn 2010 Edition), Edward Due north. Zalta (ed.)
27. ^ Religious Naturalism Today, pp. 21–37
28. ^ Whitehead, A.North. (1929). Process and Reality. An Essay in Cosmology. Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927–1928, Macmillan, New York, Cambridge University Printing, Cambridge U.k..
29. ^ See the sixth paragraph, That's Not All, Folks! "Of course you know this means war." Who said it?, past Terry Teachout, The Wall Street Journal, November 25, 2003, (Archived at WebCite).
30. ^ Nosotros Didn't Showtime the Fire. BillyJoel.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
31. ^ SUZANNE, Bernard F. "Plato FAQ: Did Plato write :"Only the expressionless have seen the terminate of war"?". plato-dialogues.org . Retrieved 2018-04-29 .
32. ^ "Who Really Said That?". The Chronicle of Higher Instruction. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2018-04-29 .
33. ^ "The Benson Medal". Archived from the original on 2013-09-eighteen. Retrieved 2014-01-07 .
34. ^ George Santayana; William Grand. Holzberger (Editor). (2006). The Letters of George Santayana, Volume Seven, 1941–1947. (MIT Press (MA), Hardcover, 9780262195560, 569pp.) (p. 143).
35. ^ "University Lectures – Secretary of the Faculty". Archived from the original on 2013-09-28.

Farther reading [edit]

• W. Arnett, 1955. Santayana and the Sense of Beauty, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
• H. T. Kirby-Smith, 1997. A Philosophical Novelist: George Santayana and the Last Puritan. Southern Illinois University Press.
• Jeffers, Thomas Fifty., 2005. Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. New York: Palgrave: 159–84.
• Lamont, Corliss (ed., with the assist of Mary Redmer), 1959. Dialogue on George Santayana. New York: Horizon Printing.
• McCormick, John, 1987. George Santayana: A Biography. Alfred A. Knopf. The biography.
• Vocaliser, Irving, 2000. George Santayana, Literary Philosopher. Yale University Press.
• Miguel Alfonso, Ricardo (ed.), 2010, La estética de George Santayana, Madrid: Verbum.
• Patella, Giuseppe, Belleza, arte y vida. La estética mediterranea de George Santayana, Valencia, PUV, 2010, pp. 212. ISBN 978-84-370-7734-5.
• Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. Tongue Ties: Logo-Eroticism in Anglo-Hispanic Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
• Moreno, Daniel. Santayana the Philosopher: Philosophy as a Class of Life. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2015. Translated by Charles Padron.

External links [edit]

• Critical Edition of the Works of George Santayana
• Works by George Santayana at Project Gutenberg
• Works by George Santayana at Faded Folio (Canada)
• Works past or about George Santayana at Internet Archive
• Saatkamp, Herman. "George Santayana". In Zalta, Edward North. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Includes a complete bibliography of the principal literature, and a off-white pick of the secondary literature
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "George Santayana" by Matthew C. Flamm
• The Santayana Edition
• Works by George Santayana at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Overheard in Seville: Bulletin of the Santayana Guild
• On George Santayana: Spanish-English Blog about Santayana
• "George Santayana: Catholic Atheist" past Richard Butler in Spirituality Today, Vol. 38 (Winter 1986), p. 319
• George Santayana at Curlie
• George Santayana at Find a Grave
• George Santayana, "Many Nations in One Empire" (1934)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana

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